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The `!Root effect`! is a physiological phenomenon that occurs in `F33f`_`[fish`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Fish]`_`f `F33f`_`[hemoglobin`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Hemoglobin]`_`f, named after its discoverer R. W. Root. It is the phenomenon where an increased `F33f`_`[proton`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Proton]`_`f or `F33f`_`[carbon dioxide`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Carbon_dioxide]`_`f concentration (lower `F33f`_`[pH`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=PH]`_`f) lowers hemoglobin's affinity and carrying capacity for `F33f`_`[oxygen`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Oxygen]`_`f.`:cite-ref-1[`F5bf`_`[1`#cite-note-1]`_`f]`:cite-ref-pelster2001-2-0[`F5bf`_`[2`#cite-note-pelster2001-2]`_`f] The Root effect is to be distinguished from the `F33f`_`[Bohr effect`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Bohr_effect]`_`f where only the affinity to oxygen is reduced. Hemoglobins showing the Root effect show a loss of cooperativity at low pH. This results in the `F33f`_`[Hb-O2 dissociation curve`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Oxygen-haemoglobin_dissociation_curve]`_`f being shifted downward and not just to the right. At low pH, hemoglobins showing the Root effect don't become fully oxygenated even at oxygen tensions up to 20kPa.`:cite-ref-pelster2001-2-1[`F5bf`_`[2`#cite-note-pelster2001-2]`_`f] This effect allows hemoglobin in fish with `F33f`_`[swim bladders`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Swim_bladder]`_`f to unload oxygen into the swim bladder against a high oxygen gradient.`:cite-ref-verde-c-2007-3-0[`F5bf`_`[3`#cite-note-verde-c-2007-3]`_`f] The effect is also noted in the choroid `F33f`_`[rete`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Rete_mirabile]`_`f, the network of `F33f`_`[blood vessels`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Blood_vessel]`_`f which carries oxygen to the `F33f`_`[retina`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Retina]`_`f.`:cite-ref-verde-c-2007-3-1[`F5bf`_`[3`#cite-note-verde-c-2007-3]`_`f] In the absence of the Root effect, `F33f`_`[retia`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Rete_mirabile]`_`f will result in the diffusion of some oxygen directly from the arterial blood to the venous blood, making such systems less effective for the concentration of oxygen.`:cite-ref-berenbrink2005-4-0[`F5bf`_`[4`#cite-note-berenbrink2005-4]`_`f] It has also been hypothesized that the loss of affinity is used to provide more oxygen to red muscle during acidotic stress.`:cite-ref-rummer2013-5-0[`F5bf`_`[5`#cite-note-rummer2013-5]`_`f]

>>References

`:cite-note-1`!1.`! `F0af`_`[↑`#cite-ref-1]`_`f `:citerefito-n-komiyama-n-h-fermi-g-1995`aIto N.; Komiyama N. H.; Fermi G. (1995). "Structure of Deoxyhaemoglobin of the Antarctic Fish Pagothenia bernachii with an Analysis of the Structural Basis of the Root Effect by Comparison of the Liganded and Unliganded Haemoglobin Structures". `*Journal of Molecular Biology`*. `!250`! (5): 648–658. `F33f`_`[doi`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Doi_(identifier)]`_`f:10.1006/jmbi.1995.0405. `F33f`_`[PMID`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=PMID_(identifier)]`_`f 7623382.

`:cite-note-pelster2001-2`!2.`! `F0af`_`[↑`#cite-ref-pelster2001-2-0]`_`f `:citerefpelster-b2001`aPelster B (December 2001). "The generation of hyperbaric oxygen tensions in fish". `*News Physiol. Sci`*. `!16`! (6): 287–91. `F33f`_`[doi`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Doi_(identifier)]`_`f:10.1152/physiologyonline.2001.16.6.287. `F33f`_`[PMID`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=PMID_(identifier)]`_`f 11719607. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2011-03-06.

`:cite-note-verde-c-2007-3`!3.`! `F0af`_`[↑`#cite-ref-verde-c-2007-3-0]`_`f Verde, C., A. Vergara, D. Giordano, L. Mazzarella, and G. di Prisco. 2007. The Root effect - a structural and evolutionary perspective. Antarctic Science 19:271-278.

`:cite-note-berenbrink2005-4`!4.`! `F0af`_`[↑`#cite-ref-berenbrink2005-4-0]`_`f `:citerefberenbrinkkoldkjaerkeppcossins2005`aBerenbrink M, Koldkjaer P, Kepp O, Cossins AR (March 2005). "Evolution of oxygen secretion in fishes and the emergence of a complex physiological system". `*Science`*. `!307`! (5716): 1752–7. `F33f`_`[doi`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Doi_(identifier)]`_`f:10.1126/science.1107793. `F33f`_`[PMID`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=PMID_(identifier)]`_`f 15774753. `F33f`_`[S2CID`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=S2CID_(identifier)]`_`f 36391252.

`:cite-note-rummer2013-5`!5.`! `F0af`_`[↑`#cite-ref-rummer2013-5-0]`_`f `:citerefrummermckenzieinnocentisupuran2013`aRummer JL, McKenzie DJ, Innocenti A, Supuran CT, Brauner CJ (June 2013). "Root Effect Hemoglobin May Have Evolved to Enhance General Tissue Oxygen Delivery" (PDF). `*Science`*. `!340`! (6138): 1327–9. `F33f`_`[doi`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Doi_(identifier)]`_`f:10.1126/science.1233692. `F33f`_`[hdl`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=Hdl_(identifier)]`_`f:2158/1022682. `F33f`_`[PMID`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=PMID_(identifier)]`_`f 23766325. `F33f`_`[S2CID`:/page/wikibook/entry.mu`zim=wikipedia_en_all_nopic_2025-08.zim|entry_path=S2CID_(identifier)]`_`f 43241955.

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